The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommend using insect repellents to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods that transmit disease-causing pathogens. Repellents applied to exposed skin should be used in conjunction with other preventive measures such as wearing long-sleeved shirts, pants, and socks and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito-biting times.1 Some insect repellents are listed in Table 1.
Mosquitoes can transmit pathogens such as Zika, chikungunya, dengue, West Nile, eastern...
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Onapgo (Supernus), a solution for continuous subcutaneous infusion containing the dopamine agonist apomorphine, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of motor fluctuations in adults with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Subcutaneously injected apomorphine (Apokyn, and generics) has been available for intermittent use for years.1 Vyalev, a foscarbidopa/foslevodopa solution for subcutaneous infusion, was approved in 2024 for the same indication.2
ADVANCED PD ― The combination of levodopa and carbidopa is the most effective treatment for the motor symptoms of PD.1 For the first 2-5 years of treatment, the combination produces a consistent response lasting 5-6 hours, but as PD progresses, the duration of benefit from each dose becomes shorter (wearing-off effect) and fluctuations between mobility and immobility develop (on-off effect). After 5-8 years, the …