The drugs of choice for treatment of viral infections (other than HIV) and their dosages are listed in Tables 1-6 on the pages that follow. Some of the indications and dosages recommended here have not been approved by the FDA. Vaccines used for the prevention of viral infections are discussed elsewhere.

The FDA has approved daclizumab (Zinbryta – Biogen/Abbvie), an interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor blocking monoclonal antibody, for treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is the first subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibody to be approved for treatment of MS.

The FDA has approved Genvoya (Gilead), a fixed-dose combination of the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) elvitegravir, the pharmacokinetic enhancer cobicistat, and the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide, for treatment of HIV-1 infection in patients ≥12 years old. This is the first approval for tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), a tenofovir prodrug. Stribild, a fixed-dose combination of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), was approved in 2012.

The FDA has approved the complement C5 inhibitor zilucoplan (Zilbrysq – UCB) for once-daily subcutaneous treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive. Zilucoplan is the first complement inhibitor to be approved for treatment of myasthenia gravis that can be self-administered. Two IV complement inhibitors, eculizumab (Soliris) and ravulizumab (Ultomiris), were approved earlier.

The FDA has approved deucravacitinib (Sotyktu – BMS), an oral tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor, for once-daily treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Deucravacitinib is the first selective TYK2 inhibitor to be approved in the US for any indication.

The FDA has approved ocrelizumab (Ocrevus – Genentech), a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for treatment of adults with primary progressive or relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It is the first anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody to be approved for treatment of MS and the first disease-modifying drug to be approved in the US for primary progressive MS.

Tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya – Sun), an interleukin (IL)-23 antagonist, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Tildrakizumab is the second selective IL-23 antagonist to be approved for this indication; guselkumab (Tremfya) was the first.

The FDA has approved tofacitinib (toe” fa sye’ ti nib; Xeljanz – Pfizer), an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, for treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of methotrexate. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) is the only other JAK inhibitor available in the US; it is FDA-approved for treatment of myelofibrosis.

Obecabtagene autoleucel (Aucatzyl – Autolus), a CD19-directed genetically modified autologous T cell immunotherapy, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults. The CAR T-cell immunotherapy products tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) and brexucabtagene auto-leucel (Tecartus) were approved earlier for the same indication.

Most respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Bacterial respiratory tract infections are usually treated empirically with antibiotic therapy that targets the most probable causative pathogens. Recommended antibiotic regimens for outpatient treatment of some common respiratory tract infections are listed in Table 1 for adults and Table 2 for children.